List of Worldwide Studies Linking Imidacloprid to Honeybee Death and the CCD Problem

Aguera, A., E. Almansa, S. Malato, M.I. Maldonado, A.R. Fernandez-Alba. 1998. Evaluation of photocatalytic degradation of imidacloprid in industrial water by GC-MS and LC-MS. Analusis 26(7): 245-251.

Anderson, C. 1991. Photodegradation of NTN 33893 in water. Yuki Institute, Ibaraki, Japan. 128 pp. Miles Report No. 101956. (Reviewed in Mulye 1995)

Anderson, J.P.E. 1995. Mineralization of [imidazolidin-4,5-14C] NTN 33893 to 14CO2 in sterile and microbiologically active samples of 2 agricultural soils. Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany. 6 pp. Report No. 107300. (Reviewed in Mulye 1997a)
 
Armbrust, K.L. and H.B. Peeler. 2002. Effects of formulation on the run-off of imidacloprid from turf. Pest Management Science. 58:702-706.
 
Arora, P.K., G. Jyot, B. Singh, R.S. Battu, B. Singh, P.S. Aulakh. 2009. Persistence of imidacloprid on grape leaves, grape berries and soil. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 82(2):239-242. 
 
Bacey, J. 2000. Environmental fate of imidacloprid. Environmental Monitoring and Pest Management Branch. Department of Pesticide Regulation, California. www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/empm/pubs/fatememo/imid.pdf.  
 
Bakker, F. and J. Calis. 2003. A semi-field approach to testing effects of fresh or aged pesticide residues on bees in multiple-rate test designs. Bull Insectology 56(1):97-102. 
 
Baskaran, S., R.S. Kookana, and R. Naidu. 1997. Determination of the insecticide imidacloprid in water and soil using high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A 787(1-2):271-275.
 
Bonmatin, J. M., I. Moineau, R. Charvet, C. Fleche, M. E. Colin, and E. R. Bengsch. 2003. A LC/APCI-MS/MS method for analysis of imidacloprid in soil, in plants, and in pollens. Anal. Chem. 75:2027–2033.
 
Bonmatin, J.M., P.A. Marchand, R. Charvet, I. Moineua, E.R. Bengsch, and M.E. Colin. 2005. Quantification of imidacloprid uptake in maize crops. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53: 5336–5341.
 
Brimble, S., P. Bacchus, and P.Y. Caux. 2005. Pesticide utilization in Canada: a compilation of current sales and use data. Environment Canada, Ottawa.
 
 

Byrtus, G., A. Anderson, K. Saffran, G. Bruns, and L. Checknita. 2002. Determination of new pesticides in Alberta’s surface waters (1999-2000). The Water Research User Group, Alberta Environment. http://www3.gov.ab.ca/env/water/reports/NewPesticidesInSurfaceWaters_1999_2000.pdf

 
Capri, E., M.G. Camisa, F. Flores-Céspedes, C.R. Glass, E. Gonzalez-Pradas, and M. Trevisan. 2001. Imidacloprid and pyrimethanil soil sorption. Agrononomie 21:57-64.
 
CCME (Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment). 1991. Appendix IX - A Protocol for the Derivation of Water Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Life. In: Canadian Water Quality Guidelines. Canadian Council of Resource and Environment Ministers, 1987. Prepared by the Task Force on Water Quality Guidelines. [Updated and reprinted with minor revisions and editorial changes in Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines, Chapter 4, Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, 1999, Winnipeg].
 
CCME (Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment). 1993. Appendix B-5b – Protocols for deriving water quality guidelines for the protection of agricultural water uses (October, 1993). In: Canadian Water Quality Guidelines, Canadian Council of Resource and Environment Ministers. 1987. Prepared by the Task Force on Water Quality Guidelines. [Updated and reprinted with minor revisions and editorial changes in Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines, 1999, Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, Winnipeg.]
 
CEI (Cantox Environmental Inc.). 2003. Review on pesticide use research and monitoring activities in the maritime region (Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island). Marine Environmental Sciences Division, Department of Fisheries and Oceans.
 
Celis, R. and W.C. Koskinen. 1999. Characterization of pesticide desorption from soil by the isotopic exchange technique. Soil Science America Journal 63: 1659-1666.
 
Choo, H.Y., H.H. Kim, H.K. Kaya. 1998. Effects of selected chemical pesticides on Agameris unka (Nematoda: Mermiethidae), a parasite of the brown plant hopper, Nilaparvata lugens. Biocontol Sci Technol 8(3): 413-427.
 
Clark, T., E. Kaußmann, E. Römer, and G. Schepers. 1998. The fate of imidacloprid in tobacco smoke of cigarettes made from imidacloprid-treated tobacco. Pestic. Sci. 52: 119–125.
 
Claudianos, C. H. Ranson, R.M. Johnson, S. Biswas, M.A. Schuler, M.R. Berenbaum, R. Feyereisen, J.G. Oakeshott. 2006. A deficit of detoxification enzymes: pesticide sensitivity and environmental response in the honeybee. Insect Mol Biol. 15(5):615-636.
 
Cowles, R.S., M.E. Montgomery, CASJ Cheah. 2006. Activity and residues of imidacloprid applied to soil and tree trunks to control hemlock woolly adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) in forests. J Econ Entolmol 99(4): 1258-1267.
 
Cox, L. 1997a. Changes in sorption of imidacloprid with incubation time. Bayer Corporation, Kansas City, Missouri. Report No. 107685. 28 pp. (Reviewed in Mulye 1997a)
 
Cox, L., W. Koskinen, and P.Yen. 1997b. Sorption-desorption of imidacloprid and its metabolites in soils. J. Agric. Food Chem. 45(4): 1468–1472.
 
Cox, L., W.C. Koskinen, and P.Y. Yen. 1997c. Sorption-desorption of imidacloprid and its metabolites in soils. J. Agric. Food Chem. 45(4):1468-1472.
 
Cox, L., W. Koskinen, and P. Yen. 1998a. Changes in sorption of imidacloprid with incubation time. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 62(2): 342–347.
 
Cox, L., W. Koskinen, R. Celis, P. Yen, M. Hermosin, and J. Cornejo. 1998b. Sorption of imidacloprid on soil clay mineral and organic components. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 62(4): 911–915.
 
Cox, L., W. Koskinen, and P. Yen. 1998c. Influence of soil properties on sorption-desorption of imidacloprid. J. Environ. Sci. Health. B33(2): 123–134.
 
Cox, L., W.C. Koskinen, and P.Y. Yen. 1998d. Influence of soil properties on sorption-desorption of imidacloprid. J. Environ. Sci. Health B33(2): 123-134.
 
Dikshit A.K., D.C. Pachauri, and T. Jindal. 2003. Maximum residue limit and risk assessment of betacyfluthrin and imidacloprid on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 70:1143-1150.
 
Elbert, A., B. Becker, J. Hartwig, and C. Erdelen. 1991. Imidacloprid-a new systemic insecticide. Pflanzenschutz-Nachr. Bayer 44:113–136.
 
ENKON Environmental Limited. 2001. Survey of Pesticide Use in British Columbia : 1999.
 
Environment Canada. 2005. Toxicity testing using imidacloprid: inland silverside test report. Prepared by Stantec Inc. for the National Guidelines and Standards Office, Environment Canada. Ottawa.
 
Environment Canada. 2006 (Draft). Presence, levels and relative risks of priority pesticides in selected Canadian aquatic ecosystems. Summary of 2003-2005 surveillance results. Prepared by Cantox Environmental for the National Water Quality Monitoring Office, Environment Canada, Ottawa.
 
Environment Canada. 2006. BC Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks. Surrey, British Columbia.
 
Felsot A.S. and Ruppert, J.R. 2002. Imidacloprid residues in Willapa Bay (Washington State) water and sediment following application for control of burrowing shrimp. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. 50(15):4417-4423.
 
Felsot, A.S., W. Cone, J. Yu, and J.R. Ruppert. 1998. Distribution of imidacloprid in soil following subsurface drip chemigation. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 60:363–370.
 
Felsot, A.S., W. Cone, J. Yu, and J.R. Ruppert. 1998. Distribution of imidacloprid in soil following subsurface drip chemigation. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 60:363-370.
 
Flores-Cespedes, F., E Gonzalez-Pradas, M. Fernandez-Perez, M. Villafranca-Sanchez, M. Socias-Viciana, and M.D. Urena-Amate. 2002. Effects of dissolved organic carbon on sorption and mobility of imidacloprid in soil. J. Environ. Qual. 31:880-888.
 
Flores-Céspedes, F., E. González-Pradas, M. Fernández-Pérez, M. Villafranca-Sánchez, M. Socías-Viciana, and M.D. Ureña-Amate. 2002. Effects of dissolved organic carbon on sorption and mobility of imidacloprid in soil. J. Environ. Qual. 31: 880–888.
 
Fritz, R. and A. Brauner. 1988. Leaching behaviour of NTN 33893 aged in soil. Miles Report No. 99635. Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany. 45 pp. (Reviewed in Mulye 1995)
 
Fritz, R., and E. Hellpointner. 1991. Degradation of pesticides under anaerobic conditions in the water/sediment system: imidacloprid. Miles Report No. 101346. Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany. 69 pp. (Reviewed in Mulye 1995)
 
Giroux, I. 2003. Contamination de l’eau souterraine par les pesticides et les nitrates dans les régions en culture de pommes de terre. Campagne d’échantillonnage de 1999-2000-2001. Direction de suivi de l’état de l’environnement, Ministère de l’Environnement, Gouvernement du Québec, Québec. www.mddep.gouv.qc.ca/pesticides/pomme_terre/Pesticides_pomme_terre.pdf
 
Goring, C.A.I., D.A. Laskowski, J.H. Hamaker, and R.W. Meikle. 1975. Principles of pesticide degradation in soil. In: Haque, R. and V.H. Freed, eds. Environmental dynamics of pesticides. pp 135 – 172. Plenum Press, New York. (Cited in Mulye 1995)
 
Guay, I. 1998. Recommandation de critères de qualité de l’eau pour l’imidacloprid pour la protection de la vie aquatique. Direction du suivi de l’état de l’environnement, Service des avis et des expertises, Ministère de l’Environnement du Québec, Québec.
 
Gupta, S., V.T. Gajbhiye, and N.P. Agnihotri. 2002. Leaching behavior of imidacloprid formulations in soil. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 68: 502–508.
 
Heim, D., Z. Yan, and P.P. Halarnkar. 1996. Anaerobic aquatic biotransformation of [pyridinyl-14C-methyl] imidacloprid at 5oC. Bayer Corporation, Kansas City, Missouri. Report No. 107546. 138 pp.
 
Heimbach and Hendel. 2001. Unpublished study. Bayer CropScience AG, Monheim am Rhein, Germany. (Cited in Krohn and Hellpointner 2002)
 
Henneböle, J. 1998. Aerobic metabolism of imidacloprid, 14C-NTN 33893, in an aquatic model ecosystem under xenon light and sunlight conditions. Bayer AG, Institute for Metabolism Research and Residue Analysis, Leverkusen-Bayerwerk, Germany. Report No. PF 4337.
 
 
Júnior, R.P.S., J.H. Smelt, J.J.T.I. Boesten, R.F.A. Hendriks, and S.E.A.T.M. van der Zee. 2004. Preferential flow of bromide, bentazon, and imidacloprid in a dutch clay soil. J. Environ. Qual. 33: 1473–1486.
 
Kennedy, J.M. and R.E. Talbert. 1977. Comparative persistence of dinitroaniline type herbicides on the soil surface. Weed Science 25: 373-381. (Cited in Mulye 1995)
 
König, T. 1997. Method for the determination of imidacloprid in water by LC-MS-MS with solid phase extraction. Bayer AG, Crop Protection-Development, Institute for Metabolism Research and Residue Analysis, Monheim, Germany. 19 pp.
 
Krohn, J. 1989. Water solubility of NTN 33893. Miles report No. 99859. Bayer AG, Wuppertal-Elberfeld, Germany. 10 pp. (Reviewed in Mulye 1995)
 
Krohn, J. 1996a. Water solubility and partition coefficient of desnitro compound. Bayer Corporation, Kansas City, Missouri. Report No. 107676. (Reviewed in Mulye 1997a)
 
Krohn, J. 1996b. Water solubility and partition coefficient of urea compound. Bayer Corporation, Kansas City, Missouri. Report No. 107677. 15 pp. (Reviewed in Mulye 1997a)
 
Krohn, J. and E. Hellpointner. 2002. Environmental fate of imidacloprid. Pflanzenshutz-Nachrichten Bayer 55: 1–26.
 
Kunkel, B.A., D.W. Held, D.A. Potter. 2001. Lethal and sublethal effects of bendiocarb, halofenozide, and imidacloprid on Harpalus pennsylvanicus (coleopteran: Carabidae) following different modes of exposure in turfgrass. J Econ. Entomol. 94:60-67.
 
McCall, P.J., D.A. Laskowski, R.L. Swann, and H.J. Dishburger. 1981. Measurement of sorption coefficients of organic chemicals and their use in environmental fate analysis. In: Test protocols for environmental fate and movement of toxicants. Proceedings of a symposium. Pages 89 – 109. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 94thAnnual Meeting, October 21 – 22, 1980. Washington, DC. (Cited in Mulye 1997a)
 
McGee, B., H. Berges, and K. Callow. 2004. Survey of pesticide use in Ontario, 2003: Estimates of
pesticides used on field crops, fruit and vegetable crops, and other agricultural crops. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Guelph, Ontario.
 
Meister, R.T. 2000. Farm Chemical Handbook 86. Meister Publishing Company, Willoughby, OH.
 
MENVIQ (Ministère de l’Environnement du Québec). 1990 (rév. 1992). Méthodologie de calcul de critères de qualité de l’eau pour les substances toxiques. Service d’évaluation des rejets toxiques, Direction de l’expertise scientifique, Ministère de l’Environnement du Québec, Québec. 147 p.
 
MMPP (Manitoba’s Management Plus Program). 2003. Regional pesticide usage analysis (2001-2004). Manitoba Rural Adaptation Council, Manitoba Agriculture and Food, and Manitoba Crop Insurance Corporation. http://www.mmpp.com/Home_Page.htm Accessed: September 2004.
 
Miles, Inc. 1992. Premise termiticide - Environmental fate: Terrestrial field dissipation for California site. Volume No. 51950–0032. Department of Pesticide Regulation, Sacramento, CA.
 
Miles, Inc. 1992. Premise termiticide - Environmental fate: Terrestrial field dissipation for California site. Volume No. 51950–0032. Department of Pesticide Regulation, Sacramento, CA.
 
Miles, Inc. 1993a. NTN 33893 (imidacloprid) - Environmental fate summary. Volume No. 51950–0113. Department of Pesticide Regulation, Sacramento, CA.
 
Mobay Chemical Corp. 1992. Premise termiticide - Environmental fate: Hydrolysis; Aqueous and soil photolysis. Volume No. 51950–0027. Department of Pesticide Regulation, Sacramento, CA.
 
Mobay Chemical Corp. 1992. Premise termiticide - Environmental fate: Hydrolysis; Aqueous and soil photolysis. Volume No. 51950–0027. Department of Pesticide Regulation, Sacramento, CA.
 
Moza, P.N., K. Hustert, E. Feicht, and A. Kettrup. 1998. Photolysis of imidacloprid in aqueous solution. Chemosphere. 36(3): 497–502.
 
Mukherjee, I. and M. Gopal. 2000. Environmental behaviour and translocation of imidacloprid in eggplant, cabbage and mustard. Pest Management Science 56: 932-936
 
Murphy, C and Mutch, J.. 2005. Multimedia Pesticide Monitoring Programs in Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Year 1 and Year 2 (2003/04, 04/05) Progress Report, Environment Canada and Prince Edward Department of Environment, Energy and Forestry.
 
Murphy,C., J.P. Mutch, D. Reeves, T. Clark, S. Lavoie, H. Rees, L. Chow, L-A. Nunn, and D. Hebb. 2006. Multi-media pesticide monitoring programs in Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, Final Project Report of 3-year monitoring program, 2003/04 – 2005/06. Environment Canada, Environmental Protection Branch, Charlottetown.
 
Nemeth-Konda, L., G. Füleky, G. Morovjan, and P. Csokan. 2002. Sorption behaviour of acetochlor, atrazine, carbendazim, diazinon, imidacloprid and isoproturon on Hungarian agricultural soil. Chemosphere 48: 545-552.
 
Oi, M. 1999. Time-dependent sorption of imidacloprid in two different soils. J. Agric. Food Chem. 47: 327–332.
 
Peterson, C.J. 2007. Imidacloprid mobility and longevity in soil columns at a termiticidal application rate. Pest Mangement Science, 63(11):1124-1132.
 
Phillips, P.J. and R. W. Bode. 2002. Concentrations of pesticides and pesticide degradates in the Croton River Watershed in Southeastern New York, July-September 2000. [Online]. Available at
 http://ny.water.usgs.gov/pubs/wri/wri024063/wrir02-4063.pdf.. USGS-NY, Troy, NY.
 
Philpot, J.D. and P.Y. Yen. 1998a. Terrestrial field dissipation of imidacloprid on bare loam soil in Ontario, Canada, 1994. Bayer Report No. 107819. 265 pp. (Reviewed in Mulye 1999)
 
Philpot, J.D. and P.Y. Yen. 1998b. Terrestrial field dissipation of imidacloprid on potatoes in Prince Edward Island, Canada, 1994. Bayer Report No. 107820. 264 pp. (Reviewed in Mulye 1999)
 
Philpot, J.D. and P.Y. Yen. 1998c. Terrestrial field dissipation of imidacloprid on turf in Ontario, Canada, 1994. Bayer Report No. 107817. 419 pp. (Reviewed in Mulye 1999)
 
Philpot, J.D. and P.Y. Yen. 1998d. Terrestrial field dissipation of imidacloprid on turf in British Columbia, Canada, 1995. Bayer Report No. 107821. 206 pp. (Reviewed in Mulye 1999)
.
Pirard, C., J. Widart, B.K. Nguyen, C. Deleuze, L. Heudt, E. Haubruge, E. De Pauw, J.F. Focant. Development and validation of a multi-residue method for pesticide determination in honey using on-column liquid-liquid extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J. Chromatography. 1152:116-123. 
 
PMU (Pesticide Management Unit). 2005. Sales 2003 Report for Pesticides. Prepared for New Brunswick Department of the Environment and Local Government.
 
PubChem Substance. 2005. National Centre of Biotechnology Information Access (NCBI). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pcsubstance
 
Rice, F., D. Judy, D. Koch, and K. Cain. 1991. Terrestrial field dissipation for NTN 33893 in Minnesota soil. ABC Laboratories, Inc., Columbia, MO. 510 pp. Miles Report No. 101988. (Reviewed in Mulye 1995)
 
Rouchaud, J., A. Thirion, A. Wauters, F. Van de Steene, F. Benoit, N. Ceustermans, J. Gillet, S. Marchand, and L. Vanparys. 1996b. Effects of fertilizer on insecticide adsorption and biodegradation in crop soils. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 31(1): 98–106.
 
Sanchez-Bayo, F. and K. Goya. 2006. Influence of light in acute toxicity bioassays of imidacloprid and zinc pyrithione to zooplankton crustaceans. Aquat Toxicol 78(3): 262-271.
 
Sarkar, M., P. Biswas, S. Roy, R. Kole, and A. Chowdhury. 1999. Effect of pH and type of formulation on the persistence of imidacloprid in water. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 63(5): 604–609.
 
Sarkar, M.A., S. Roy, R.K. Kole, A. Chowdhury. 2001. Persistence and metabolism of imidacloprid in different soils of West Bengal. Pest Management Science. 57(7):598-602.
 
Schad, T. 2001. Calculation of temperature referenced first order DT50 of imidacloprid based on field dissipation studies conducted in Europe. Internal Report Bayer AG, Leverkusen.
 
Scholz, K. 1991. Degradation of NTN 33893 in soil under vegetation. Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany. Report No 103202. 83 pp. (Reviewed in Mulye 1997a)
 
Scholz, K. and M. Spiteller. 1992. Influence of groundcover on the degradation of 14C-imidacloprid in soil. Proc. Brighton Crop Protection Conference – Pests and Dis. 883–888.
 
Schoning, R. and R. Schumck. Bayer. 2003. Analytical determination of imidacloprid and relevant metabolite residues by LC MS/MS. Bull Insectology. 56(1):41-50. 
 
Schuette, J., J. Troiano, M. Pepple, and J. Dias. 2004. 2004 Update of the Well Inventory Database. [Online]. Available at http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/empm/pubs/ehapreps/eh0404.pdf. CDPR, Sacramento, CA.
 
Segawa, R. and J. Walters. 2002. Preliminary Monitoring Results of Imidacloprid Applications for Glassy-winged Sharpshooter Control in Residential Areas of Santa Clara County. [Online]. Available at http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/gwss/r101602.pdf. CDPR, Sacramento, CA.
 
Segawa, R., J. Walters, and S. Fan. 2004. Preliminary Monitoring Results of Imidacloprid and Cyfluthrin Applications for Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter Control in a Residential Area of Solano County. [Online]. Available at http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/gwss/gwss091704.pdf. CDPR, Sacramento, CA.
 
SFOPH (Swiss Federal Office of Public Health). 2005. GS Toxic Substances List. July 2005 edition. 
 
Shimomura, M., H. Okuda, K. Matsuda, K. Komai, M. Akamatsu, and D.B. Sattelle. 2002. Loops D and F of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and their role in neonicotinoid sensitivity. Poster presentation. http://nara-kindai.unv.jp/02gakka/03ouyou/web-content/gyoseki/shimomura.pdf.
 
Spiteller, M. 1993. Aerobic metabolism of imidacloprid, 14C-NTN 33893, in an aquatic model ecosystem. Bayer AG, Institute for Metabolism Research, Leverkusen-Bayerwerk, Germany. Report No. PF 3950.
 
Stephan, C.E., D.I. Mount, D.J. Hansen, J.H. Gentile, G.A. Chapman and W.A. Brungs. 1985. Guidelines for deriving numerical national water quality criteria for the protection of aquatic organisms and their uses. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. PB85-227049.
 
Stevens, J. and P.P. Halarnkar. 1996. Aerobic aquatic (water only) biotransformation of [pyridinyl-14C-methyl] imidacloprid at 22oC. Bayer Corporation, Kansas City, Missouri. Report No. 107547. 171 pp.
 
Struger, J., T. Fletcher, P. Martos, B. Ripley, and G. Gris. 2002. Pesticide concentrations in the Don and Humber River Watersheds (1998-2000). Environment Canada, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, and City of Toronto. 21 pp.
 
Tornier, I., A. Kling, A. Schur. Honey bee testing in Southern Europe: from the laboratory to the relevant crop in the field. Bull Insectology. 56(1):185-187.
 
U.S. EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). 1975. Chemodynamic parameters – partition coefficient. Guidelines for registering pesticides in the United States. 40 FR 123: 26880.
 
 

U.S. EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). 1995. Imidacloprid (NTN); Pesticide Tolerances and a Feed Additive Regulation. 40 CFR Parts 180 and 186.August 30, 1995 60(168). http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-PEST/1995/August/Day-30/pr-392.html

U.S. EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). 2005. Pesticide Fate Database. Environmental Fate and Effects Division of the Office of Pesticide Programs. http://cfpub.epa.gov/pfate/home.cfm

 
Vilchez, J.L., R. El-Khattabi, J. Fernandez, A. Gonzalez-Casado, and A. Navalon. 1996. Determination of imidacloprid in water and soil samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A 746(2): 289-294.
 
Vilchez, J.L., R. El-Khattabi, R. Blanc, and A. Navalon. 1998. Photochemical-fluorimetric method for the determination of the insecticide imidacloprid in water samples. Analytica Chimica Acta 371(2-3): 247-253.
 
Wamhoff, H. and V. Schneider. 1999. Photodegradation of imidacloprid. J. Agric. Food Chem. 47(4): 1730–1734.
 
Wilmes, R. 1988. Range-finding tests for abiotic degradation. Miles Report No. 94366. Bayer AG, Monheim, Germany. 11 pp. (Reviewed in Mulye 1995)
 
Wohlers, K. 1988. Dissociation constant of NTN 33893. Miles Report No. 99863. Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany. 4 pp. (Reviewed in Mulye 1995)
 
Yoshida, H. 1989. Hydrolysis of NTN 33893. Yuki Institute, Ibaraki, Japan. 34 pp. Miles Report No. 99708. (Reviewed in Mulye 1995)
 
Zheng, W. and W. Liu. 1999. Kinetics and mechanism of the hydrolysis of imidacloprid. Pestic. Sci. 55(4):482–485.
 
 
 

Imidacloprid - Other Ecotox Sudies

 
Abou-Donia, M.B., L.B. Goldstein, S. Bullman, T. Tu, W.A. Khan, A.M. Dechkovkaia, and A.A. Abdel-Rahman. 2008. Imidacloprid induces neurobehavioral deficits and increases expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein in the motor cortex and hippocampus in offspring rats following   in utero exposure J Toxicol Environ Health 71(2):119-30.
 
Albajes, R., C. López, and X. Pons. 2003. Predatory fauna in cornfields and response to imidacloprid seed treatment. J. Econ. Entomol. 96(6): 1805–1813.
 
Araki, Y., W. Bornatsch, A. Brauner, T. Clark, G. Dräger, S. Kurogochi, H. Sakamato, and K. Vogeler. 1994. Metabolism of imidacloprid in plants. Proc. IUPAC Congress, Wash. 2B:157.
 
Avery, M.L., D.G. Decker, and D.L. Fischer. 1994. Cage and flight pen evaluation of avian repellency and hazard associated with imidacloprid-treated rice seed. Crop Protection. 13(7):535-540.
 
Avery, M.L., D.G. Decker, D.L. Fischer, and T.R. Stafford. 1993. Responses of captive blackbirds to a new insecticidal seed treatment. Journal of Wildlife Management. 57(3):652-656.
 
Avery, M.L., D.L. Fischer and T.M. Primus. 1997. Assessing the hazard to granivorous birds feeding on chemically treated seeds. Pesticide Science 49(4): 362-366.
 
Barbendreier, D., N. Kalberer, J. Romeis, P. Fluri, F. Bigler. 2004. Pollen consumption in honey bee larvae: a step forward in the risk assessment of transgenic plants. Apidologie. 35:293-300.
 
Boiteau, G., W.P.L. Osborn. 1997. Behavioral effects of imidacloprid, a new nicotinyl insecticide, on the potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas ) (Homoptera aphididae). Canadian Entomologist. March/April 1997. 241-249. 
 
Bowers, L.M. 1996a. Toxicity of NTN 33893 2F to the blue-green alga Anabaena flos-aquae. Bayer Corporation, Kansas City, Missouri. Report No. 107549. 31 pp.
 
Bowers, L.M. 1996b. Acute toxicity of 14C-NTN 33838 to Chironomus tentans under static conditions. Bayer Corporation, Kansas City, Missouri. Report No. 107316. (Reviewed in Mulye 1997a)
 
Bowers, L.M. and C.V. Lam. 1998. Acute toxicity of 6-chloronicotinic acid (a metabolite of imidacloprid) to Chironomus tentans under static renewal conditions. Bayer Report No 108127. (Reviewed in Mulye 1999)
 
Bowman, J. and J. Bucksath. 1990a. Acute toxicity of NTN 33893 to bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus). Analytical Bio-Chemistry Laboratories, Inc., Columbia, Missouri (performing laboratory). Mobay Corporation, Kansas City, Missouri (submitting laboratory). 31 pp. Mobay Project ID: Report No. 100348.
 
Bowman, J. and J. Bucksath. 1990b. Acute toxicity of NTN 33893 to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Analytical Bio-Chemistry Laboratories, Inc., Columbia, Missouri (performing laboratory). Mobay Corporation, Kansas City, Missouri (submitting laboratory). 29 pp. Mobay Project ID: Report No. 100349.
 
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